Calcineurin/CXCR4 in T-ALL
نویسندگان
چکیده
The calcineurin/NFAT signaling pathway is implicated in a wide variety of biological processes, acting as a bridge pathway between calcium signals and gene expression. Although its role as an effector of immune responses figured prominently in early studies, it forms just one part of a larger picture. Indeed calcineurin has been shown to participate in the development and function of e.g. the immune, cardiovascular, nervous and musculoskeletal systems, and dysregulation of calcineurin/ NFAT signaling contributes to pathologies affecting these tissues, in particular cancer [1]. Activation of the calcineurin/NFAT pathway was first observed in human lymphoma, as well as in mouse models of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (TALL) and xenotransplanted human TALL [2]. In TALL , calcineurin activation is independent of preTCR/TCR signaling (the major calcineurin activator in normal T cell progenitors), but strongly depends upon micro-environmental signals. The fundamental, intrinsic role of calcineurin in TALL was demonstrated in several mouse models, in which conditional calcineurin genetic deletion was restricted to leukemic cells. Calcineurin was found essential to the physical and functional interactions that leukemic cells establish with supportive stromal cells, with its deletion resulting in impaired leukemia propagation, reduced cell survival, proliferation, migration and homing [3]. The therapeutic relevance of these findings was highlighted by preclinical studies showing strong anti-leukemic effects of calcineurin inhibitors (namely cyclosporin A or tacrolimus [FK506]) and long-term leukemia remission in a mouse TALL model when vincristine treatment was combined with calcineurin genetic inactivation [2, 3]. However, available calcineurin inhibitors appear suboptimal as potential therapeutic agents since they are associated with a number of toxic side effects [4], show clear off-target effects in TALL cells [3] and are expected to interfere with the anti-tumor immune response. A recently developed, alternative option is to identify and target molecular pathways acting downstream of calcineurin and critical to TALL maintenance [5]. Our global transcriptomic analysis identified a large number of calcineurin-dependent genes in TALL , involved in an array of biological function, including the de-repression of known tumor suppressive pathways (e.g. CDKN1A) [3]. Although of high biological interest, these deregulations are not easily accessible for targeted therapy. In contrast, genes/proteins implicated in the adhesion/ migration to the bone marrow microenvironment are promising candidates (i) for a thorough understanding of the factors that contribute to microenvironment-mediated support of leukemia progression and (ii) for the design of niche-targeted therapies. Along these lines, we linked calcineurin-dependent regulation of the adhesive/ migratory …
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